ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that primarily affects children but can persist into adulthood. It is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms are divided into three main categories:
- Inattention:
- Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play.
- Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
- Often loses things necessary for tasks and activities.
- Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
- Forgetful in daily activities.
- Hyperactivity:
- Fidgets or taps hands or feet.
- Often leaves seat when expected to remain seated.
- Runs or climbs in inappropriate situations.
- Talks excessively.
- Impulsivity:
- Blurts out answers before questions are completed.
- Has difficulty waiting their turn.
- Interrupts or intrudes on others’ conversations or activities.
Types of ADHD
ADHD is typically classified into three subtypes:
- Predominantly Inattentive Presentation: Mainly characterized by inattention without the hyperactivity.
- Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation: Primarily features hyperactive and impulsive behaviors without significant inattention.
- Combined Presentation: A mix of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of ADHD is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Risk factors may include a family history of ADHD, premature birth, exposure to toxins (like lead), and maternal substance use during pregnancy.
Diagnosis and Treatment
ADHD is diagnosed through behavioral assessments by healthcare professionals. There’s no single test for ADHD; diagnosis involves gathering comprehensive information about the person’s behaviors and history.
Treatment usually involves a combination of:
- Medication: Stimulants like methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamines (Adderall) are commonly prescribed. Non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine may also be used.
- Behavioral Therapy: Helps individuals develop coping strategies and improve organizational skills.
- Lifestyle Changes and Support: Structure, routine, and educational support can significantly benefit those with ADHD.
ADHD can impact various aspects of life, but with proper management, many people with ADHD can lead successful and fulfilling lives.